Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR)

What is CSCR?

CSCR affects the retina which is the light sensitive layer at the back of your eye which captures images and enables you to see. The macula is the part of your retina that is critical for your vision. A layer of cells known as the retinal pigment epithelial cells (or RPE cells) have a pump action that helps to nourish the retina.

There is also a blood vessel layer beneath the retina is known as the choroid- abnormality to the function of the RPE cells or the choroid may sometimes lead to a build-up of fluid between the outer layers of the retina. This condition is known as central serous chorioretinopathy or CSCR.

What are the Symptoms of CSCR?

CSCR usually affects patients between 30 to 50 years of age. Males are more known to be more likely affected than females.

painless blurriness of central vision.
change in size of an object.
straight objects or lines seeming curved or distorted
difficulty in reading small prints.

What Causes CSCR?

The exact factors that cause the development of CSCR related fluid have not yet been determined. However, we know of various risk factors that are associated with the development of CSCR.

Use of Steroids

Steroids are a known risk factor for the development of CSCR. These include steroids in different forms such as inhalers for asthma, nasal spray for hay fever, steroid cream for eczema and steroid tablets such as prednisolone. Rarely, in a condition (known as Cushing syndrome), an over production of the body’s natural steroid hormone could lead to the development of CSCR.

Psychological Make-Up

Research has shown that certain personality types (particularly those who are hard-driven and competitive), are more at risk of developing this condition.

Stress

A major stressful event, either work-related or personal, is believed to trigger the development of CSCR in some patients.

Genetic Risk

There are ongoing studies suggesting some patients may have changes in certain genes that can trigger CSCR when exposed to certain environmental factors.

What Tests are Required When You See Ms Heng?

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Optical coherence tomography is a scan of the retina. It is a non-invasive camera-based imaging test which uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of your retina; It is used to identify the fluid under the retina, along with detailed structural changes secondary to CSCR.

Angiography

OCT Angiography

An add on test to OCT to allow us to review the retina vasculature in various layers to determine the leaking area / if there are complications of choroidal neovascularisation.This is not done on every patient and Ms Heng will decide if this test is required at the appointment.

Fluorecein / Indocyanine Angiography

During this test a coloured dye is injected into your arm, followed by a series of photographs taken of your retina using a special camera. This test helps to identify the leaking area in your retina.

The information found through these investigations will help to develop your individual treatment plan and rule out other similar conditions if the findings are unusual. This is not done on every patient and Ms Heng will decide if you would need these further investigations.

What are the Complications of CSCR?

A small percentage of patients may develop a growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina (called choroidal neovascular membrane-CNVM), which leaks fluid in the retina. This can be treated with anti-VEGF injections in the eye.

A small proportion of patients with long-term CSCR develop loss of function of a layer of cells called RPE cells (retinal pigment epithelial) which can result in permanent visual impairment.

Treatment Options

Observation

In approximately 85% of cases, the fluid in the retina settles on its own within six months and does not require any treatment. Any known triggers such as corticosteroid use should be reviewed and stopped if this is medically appropriate.

Any other medical conditions that can act as a trigger should also be treated. Some patients may experience frequent flare ups, leading to a gradual worsening of their vision. In these cases, treatment may need to be considered

In Chronic Cases

1. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

PDT is a form of ‘cold laser’ treatment, using non-toxic light sensitive dye. The dye molecules are triggered by infrared light which stops the leakage of fluid in the retina. This results in removing the retinal fluid in about 80% of eyes with one to two treatment sessions, with a reduction in symptoms of distortion and improvement of vision.

However, it has also been found that not all patients get their vision back, despite the retinal fluid being removed. This procedure does carry some risks (estimated 1% risk of vision loss). Ms Heng will discuss the suitability of treatment in your specific case.

2. Conventional laser

If the source of the retinal fluid associated with CSCR is away from the central macular then this treatment option may be considered.

3. Micro-Pulse Laser

This is a sub-threshold (low-power) laser which is applied in short pulses to the area of leakage, resulting in fixing the retinal fluid. Recent studies have shown that this treatment is inferior to PDT.

4. Oral Medications

There are some recent studies that have shown the effectiveness of certain tablets in reducing the fluid in CSCR. Eplerenone and Spironolactone are mineralocorticoid inhibitors, commonly used to lower blood pressure or treat heart failure. These medications have shown an improvement in CSCR symptoms for some patients, although other studies have not shown benefit.

Further studies are currently being carried out to evaluate the role of these treatments. When on this treatment, these drugs may cause side effects in some patients including changing the salt (potassium) level in the blood which will need monitoring. Other potential side effects which vary by drug will be discussed by your doctor during the clinic consultation.

5. Antivegf Injection

In a subgroup of patients , there may be development of choroidal neovascularisation and a course of antivegf would be warranted in this small proportion of cases.

Treatment of CSR is specific and complex, Ms Heng will advise, monitor, and perform necessary imaging to optimise your treatment outcomes. We have all the available treatment modalities in our clinic.

Frequently Asked Questions About Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

What conditions can be treated with retina laser therapy?

Retina lasers such as panretina photocoagulation remains the gold standard treatment for proliferative retina vascular disease such as diabetic retinopathy and retina vein occlusion. Lasers targeted at the macular , macular laser therapy is often used to treat conditions such as diabetic macular oedema, macular oedema from vein occlusion and certain cases of central serous retinopathy.
Is retina laser therapy painful?

Patients will be given topical anaesthetic drops and will have a contact lens on the eye to keep the eye open during the procedure. You can feel slight discomfort during the procedure and immediately after. Usually paracetamol or NSAID tables over the counter will help to ease the discomfort from the procedure. You should not be experiencing pain beyond a day or two. If not, please seek urgent assistance.
How long does a retina laser therapy session typically last?

Depending on the area to be treated, a session will take from 15 mins to 30 min per eye.
Are there any side effects or risks associated with retina laser therapy?

Whilst laser photocoagulation is effective, there are risks involved , such as: Vision loss: It may cause a blind spot in the area where a scar forms. If the fovea is lasered, this may cause visual loss but this is incredibly rare. Damage to the retina caused by the scar that formed from treatment: This damage may occur right after surgery or years later. Blood vessels that grow again: Retina specialists can remedy this by repeating the laser treatment. Bleeding in the eye Reduced colour vision Lowered night vision
What is the recovery process like after retina laser therapy?

The procedure is a day procedure and you will usually go home after the procedure. You can continue with normal activity following the laser therapy. You might feel slight discomfort for a day or two. The true impact of the laser on the retina vasculature or fluid may take up to 2 weeks or 3-4 months in the case of macular oedema. A follow up appointment will be scheduled to monitor on the status of the retina following the procedure
Will I need multiple sessions of retina laser therapy?

In certain indications of retina laser such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, several sessions of retina laser therapy will be planned
Is retina laser therapy covered by insurance?

Most indications of retina laser therapy are covered by insurance, please contact your insurance to confirm your eligibility depending on your personal insurance plans.